U.S. Geological Survey 201504 raster digital data Spatial distribution of irrigated lands Version 1 Sioux Falls, SD U.S. Geological Survey References: Pervez, M.S. and Brown, J.F., (2010), Mapping irrigated lands at 250-m scale by merging eMODIS data and national agricultural statistics, Remote Sensing, 2(10), 2388-2412; doi:10.3390/rs2102388. Available online at http://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/2/10/2388/. http://earlywarning.usgs.gov/USirrigation/ The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Irrigated Agriculture Dataset for the United States (MIrAD-US) product was produced by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center with funding from the USGS National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) program. A primary objective was to identify and map irrigated agricultural areas to factor into water quality studies and drought monitoring investigations. The spatial distribution of irrigated lands across the conterminous United States was mapped for the year 2012 at 250-meter spatial resolution. The 1-kilometer data set represents the percentage of 250-meter cells calculated within each 1-kilometer cell area. The validation of MIrAD-US is a challenge because no other single-source current datasets are available at a national scale for comparison. Thus, this dataset should be considered provisional until a formal accuracy assessment can be completed. The product update is planned for every 5 years, synchronized with the update of the Census of Agriculture by the U.S Department of Agriculture (USDA) but contingent upon availability of eMODIS data and funding. The goal of this project is to provide the USGS and other researchers with complete and consistent public domain information on the spatial distribution of irrigated lands across the conterminous United States. 20120101 20121231 ground condition Complete Every 5 years, synchronized with the update of USDA Census of Agriculture; also contingent upon availability of eMODIS data and funding. -128.530059 -65.394649 51.771338 22.479392 None Irrigation Agriculture Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer MODIS Expedited Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer eMODIS Remote Sensing Land Cover Map of irrigated lands Drought USDA Census of Agriculture Multi-Resolution Land Characteristics Consortium MRLC National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NOAA Environmental Protection Agency EPA U.S. Department of Agriculture USDA U.S. Forest Service USFS National Park Service NPS U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service USFWS U.S. Forest Service USFS Bureau of Land Managemen BLM USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service NRCS Conterminous United States 2012 Any downloading and use of these data signify a user's agreement to comprehension of, and compliance with, the USGS Standard Disclaimer. Insure all portions of metadata are read and clearly understood before using these data in order to protect both user and USGS interests. There is no guarantee or warranty concerning the accuracy of the data. Users should be aware that temporal changes may have occurred since this dataset was collected and that some parts of this data may no longer represent actual surface conditions. Users should not use this data for critical applications without a full awareness of its limitations. Acknowledgement of the originating agencies would be appreciated in products derived from these data. Any user who modifies the data is obligated to describe the types of modifications they perform. The user specifically agrees not to misrepresent the data, nor to imply that changes made were approved or endorsed by the U.S. Geological Survey. Please refer to http://www.usgs.gov/privacy.html for the USGS disclaimer. U.S. Geological Survey Customer Services Representative mailing and physical address

U.S. Geological Survey

Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center

47914 252nd Street

Sioux Falls SD 57198-0001 USA 605/594-6151 1/800/252-4547 n/a 605/594-6589 custserv@usgs.gov 0800 - 1600 CT, M - F (-6h CST/-5h CDT GMT) The USGS point of contact is for questions related to the data display, download from this Web site, and eMODIS data content or quality. For questions regarding land cover, refer to: <http://www.mrlc.gov>. Questions relating to USDA NASS Census of Agriculture data refer to: <http://www.agcensus.usda.gov>. For questions relating to data content and quality of MODIS NDVI, refer to: <http//modis-land.gsfc.nasa.gov>. U.S. Geological Survey None Unclassified N/A Microsoft Windows 2000 Version 5.2 (Build 3790) Service Pack 2; ESRI ArcCatalog 9.3.1.4000 N/A No formal validation of the irrigated agricultural lands at a national scale has been done to date. The validation of this map is a challenge because no other single-source datasets are available at a national scale for comparison. N/A N/A U.S. Geological Survey 201409 map online 201201 2001212 ground condition BLM, eMODIS, EPA, FWS, MRLC, NRCS, USDA NASS, USFS, USGS The eMODIS time-series data set used in this research was created at the USGS EROS Center through funding from the USGS Land Remote Sensing Program. Data are made available through the Earth Explorer site at <http://earthexplorer.usgs.gov>. The 2012 National Land Cover Database was produced through a cooperative project conducted by the Multi-Resolution Land Characteristics (MRLC) Consortium. The MRLC Consortium is a partnership of federal agencies, consisting of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), the U.S. Forest Service (USFS), the National Park Service (NPS), the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS), the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), and the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS). The database is available online at http://www.mrlc.gov. The county irrigated area statistics were obtained from the 2012 USDA Census of Agriculture. The Census of Agriculture, taken every 5 years, is a complete count of U.S. farms and ranches, and the people who operate them. The Census looks at land use and ownership, operator characteristics, production practices, income and expenditures, and many other areas. The Census was conducted by the National Agricultural Statics Service (NASS) and is available online at <http://www.agcensus.usda.gov/>. The overall concepts guiding the MIrAD-US mapping approach are as follows: a. Irrigated crops should have higher peak Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) values than non-irrigated crops. b. The spectral values (and consequently, the NDVI) of irrigated and non-irrigated crops ought to be similar in seasons with optimum precipitation. Severe drought conditions will maximize the difference between irrigated and non-irrigated crops. The annual period with the most severe and widespread drought conditions should be selected for the model. c. The growing season peak NDVI, whenever it occurs, is preferred as opposed to choosing a specific time period, because the peak greenness time varies for each crop and for each geographic region of the United States. The MIrAD-US model was developed and applied in ARC GIS 10.2 and Python scripting based on three input datasets: (1) 250-m spatial resolution eMODIS annual maximum vegetation index data, (2) county irrigation summary statistics of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Census of Agriculture, and (3) an agriculture land cover mask based on the 2011 NLCD. The model was run for each individual county and the results merged for all counties. The model steps were implemented as follows: a. An agriculture land cover mask was derived from the NLCD; only 250-m cells categorized as dominated by class 81 [Pasture/Hay] and 82 [Cultivated Crops] were included from the mask application. b. The annual peak eMODIS NDVI values and corresponding cell counts were extracted for the agriculture lands only using agriculture land cover mask. c. Annual peak NDVI values and related cell counts were sorted in descending order. d. The total area was calculated for each peak NDVI value and then accumulated in descending order. e. The accumulated area for each peak NDVI was compared with the irrigated acreage reported by the USDA Census of Agriculture. f. When the total accumulated area computed for the peak NDVI cells was closest to, and just barely greater than, the area reported by the USDA Census of Agriculture, then that peak NDVI value from the descending list was selected as the peak NDVI threshold used to identify irrigated cells. g. In a final post-processing step, all single 250-m irrigated pixels are filtered from the irrigated map based on the assumption that most irrigation in the United States is found in fields which are larger than 250 m. Therefore, this methodology may not capture very small, isolated irrigated fields. 2014 This 1-kilometer (km) version of the MIrAD-US was created by aggregating the respective 250 meter (m) MIrAD-US product. This was done by applying ArcInfo Block Statistics command to calculate the SUM statistic on a 4 x 4 moving neighborhood of 250-m MIrAD-US product pixels. This generated a grid where each pixel contained the SUM of the input pixels that were encompassed by the 4 x 4 neighborhood. The 4 x 4 neighborhood was used to obtain the desired output resolution of 1 km. To convert these aggregated cell value to percent of the total area, the following equation was applied; (aggregated cell value / 16) * 100. The resulted aggregation grid was stored with floating point precision and resampled to 1 km. 2014 No formal validation of the 2012 irrigated agricultural lands at a national scale has been done to date. The validation of this map is a challenge because no other single source datasets are available at a national scale for comparison. We have evaluated accuracy of 2007 MIrAD-US in California, Idaho and Great Plains based on the best-available geospatial irrigated area information from ground surveys. The irrigated area information for California was provided by California Department of Water Resources (DWR) as spatial land use maps for the years 2000 to 2004. The detail land use map identifying irrigation information for the Eastern Snake River Plain for 2006 was obtained from Idaho Department of Water Resources, and the Great Plains irrigated area information was provided by the University of North Dakota (UND) as Global Positioning System (GPS) ground reference points surveyed during summer of 2006. The 2007 MIrAD-US agreed fairly well with the ground reference information in these three regions of the western United States. In California, the overall accuracy of MIrAD-US was 92 percent with Kappa statistics of 0.75. In the Snake River basin, the overall accuracy of MIrAD-US was 94 percent with Kappa statistics of 0.77, and in the Great Plains the overall accuracy was 89 percent with Kappa of 0.70. However relatively high omission errors and less commission errors suggest that in the regions where the ground data were collected, there may have been less irrigated fields identified at the 2007 MIrAD-US. 2014 Jesslyn F. Brown U.S. Geological Survey Scientist mailing and physical address

U.S. Geological Survey

Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center

47914 252nd Street

Sioux Falls SD 57198-0001 USA 605/594-6003 n/a 605/594-6529 jfbrown@usgs.gov 0800 - 1600 CT, M - F (-6h CST/-5h CDT GMT) The USGS point of contact is for questions related to the MIrAD data processing and quality. Raster Pixel 2890 4587 1 Lambert Azimuthal Equal Area -100.000000 45.000000 0.000000 0.000000 row and column 1000.000000 1000.000000 meters D_Sphere_ARC_INFO Sphere_ARC_INFO 6370997.000000 infinity NDVI Normalized Difference Vegetation Index COUNT BSQ format U.S. Geological Survey Customer Services Representative mailing and physical address

USGS Earth Resources Observation and Science Center

47914 252nd Street

Sioux Falls SD 57198-0001 USA 605/594-6151 605/594-6933 605/594-6589 custserv@usgs.gov 0800 - 1600 CT, M - F (-6h CST/-5h CDT GMT) The USGS point of contact is for questions related to the data display and download from this Web site. Downloadable Data Although these data have been processed successfully on a computer system at the USGS, no warranty expressed or implied is made by the USGS regarding the use of the data on any other system, nor does the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. Data may have been compiled from various outside sources. Spatial information may not meet National Map Accuracy Standards. This information may be updated without notification. The USGS shall not be liable for any activity involving these data, installation, fitness of the data for a particular purpose, its use, or analyses results. Arc/Info GRID Format and/or Standard ENVI Format ArcGIS 10.2 GRID 0.311 http://earlywarning.usgs.gov/USirrigation/ The URL : http://earlywarning.usgs.gov/index.php provides an interface that allows for data downloads. The interface does not provide any data visualization capabilities. The data need to be downloaded for its full extent; no options for customer defined area of interest exist at this moment. The data can be saved on the customer's computer by clicking on the file name. The file will be zipped that contains all the necessary files for the respective formats. The downloaded zipped file can then be unzipped and loaded into various user software applications. Not available for dissemination None Variable ESRI ArcMap Suite and/or Arc/Info, ENVI software or equivalent GIS processing software and supporting operating systems. 2014 20150415 As needed. Periodically U.S. Geological Survey Customer Services Representative Customer Services Representative mailing and physical address

U.S. Geological Survey

Earth Resources Observation and Science Center

47914 252nd Street

Sioux Falls SD 57198-0001 USA 605/594-6151 1/800/252-4547 605/594-6933 605/594-6589 custserv@usgs.gov 0800 - 1600 CT, M - F (-6h CST/-5h CDT GMT) FGDC Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata FGDC-STD-001-1998 local time None None http://www.esri.com/metadata/esriprof80.html ESRI Metadata Profile